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To whom it may concern:

The purpose of this memorandum is to discuss some of the sources of variation in anodizing response of aluminum plate products.  Anodizing can be influenced by local variations in composition, precipitate distribution, and grain structure that develop naturally during fabrication.

這個文件的目的是討論鋁板陽極氧化現象變化的來源。在制造過程中，陽極氧化自然會受到局部成分變化，沉淀的分布，和晶粒結構的影響。

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Aluminum wrought plate is fabricated from thick, direct chill cast ingot.  During the solidification process, solute elements (in the case of 7075, predominantly Zn, Cu, and Mg) are pushed out of the initial metal to solidify and into the remaining liquid, which results in a composition gradient through the thickness (and across the width) of the ingot.  This gradient persists through fabrication, and influences the subsequent formation of precipitates, such that the final plate will have differences in composition and precipitation throughout.

 鋁鍛板是直接由厚，冷硬鑄塊鍛造的。在凝固過程中，溶質元素（在7075的情況下，主要是鋅，銅，鎂）從原材料金屬凝固到剩余的液體，結果導致鑄塊合成物在厚度和寬度方向有個梯度變化和分布。這種梯度變化在制造過程中一直存在，而且影響后面形成的沉淀物，正因為如此最終凝固的板材在構造和沉淀物上都有差異。 

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Another factor is that grain structure within the plate also varies through the plate thickness and across the width.  These gradients are due in part to composition differences (in this case, the dispersoid former, Cr, is the important element) and in part due to the thermomechanical processing to which the plate is subjected during hot rolling.  As gauge decreases, temperature control is more difficult to maintain, and gradients in grain structure may become more pronounced.

另一個因素是，板材內在的晶粒結構會隨著厚度和寬度發生變化。這些梯度變化由于部分構造不同而產生（在這種情況下，最先析出的元素，鉻是主要的影響因素），部分原因是由于熱軋過程中的熱處理產生的。隨著尺寸減小，溫度控制更難以保持，晶粒結構的梯度變化也會更加明顯。

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Finally, when aluminum plate products are quenched after solution heat treatment, the quenching medium (generally water) impinges on the metal surface, efficiently removing heat.  In the interior of the plate, heat must be transferred outward to the surface, resulting in a through thickness gradient in quench rate.  This gradient in quench rate also contributes to local variations in precipitate distribution and anodizing response.
最后，當鋁板產品從固溶熱處理中冷卻出來，淬火介質（通常是水）噴淋在金屬表面上，

有效地去除熱降溫。在板的內部，熱量必須向外傳遞到表面，導致在一個通過厚度梯度的淬火速率。這個淬火速率的梯度也會影響晶體的成長、沉淀的分布和陽極氧化反應。

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Given the gradients discussed above, it is not unusual to have different parts from within the same lot respond differently to anodizing, depending on their location within the lot.

鑒于上述梯度的討論，陽極電鍍時，不同一個點有不同成分是常見的，這取決于它們在這個點所處的位置。

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Because it is a natural outcome of the manufacturing process, anodizing performance in plate is not guaranteed, although Kaiser Aluminum has done a great deal of research over the past several years in an effort to minimize through-thickness differences in anodizing behavior.  This research has culminated in the recent introduction of Kaiser Select^? 6061-T651 plate, offering improved uniformity in through-thickness anodizing response.

因為這是制造過程中的自然結果，陽極氧化板材的性能不能保證，盡管Kaiser鋁業在過去幾年里盡量減少厚度差異對陽極電鍍反應的影響進行了大量研究。本研究最終成果在Kaiser 6061-T651板最近推出，通過不同厚度的陽極氧化反應，改進板材的均勻性。

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Brian A. Cheney

Senior Staff Product Engineer

Kaiser Aluminum – Trentwood Works